Earthquake Power Essay Example

Earthquake Power Essay The magnitude 6. 3 (ML) earthquake[1] struck the Canterbury region in New Zealands South Island at 12:51 pm on Tuesday, 22 February 2011 local time (23:51 21 February UTC). [1][9] The earthquake was centred 2 kilometres (1. 2 mi) west of the port town of Lyttelton, and 10 kilometres (6 mi) south-east of the centre of Christchurch, New Zealands second-most populous city. [1] It followed nearly six months after the magnitude 7. 1 Canterbury earthquake of 4 September 2010, which caused significant damage to Christchurch and the central Canterbury region, but no direct fatalities.The earthquake caused widespread damage across Christchurch, especially in the central city and eastern suburbs, with damage exacerbated by buildings and infrastructure already being weakened by the 4 September 2010 earthquake and its aftershocks. Significant liquefaction affected the eastern suburbs, producing around 400,000 tonnes of silt. The shallow earthquake was reported to be felt across the South Island and the lower and central North Island. While the initial quake only last around 10 seconds, the vicinity and depth of its location to Christchurch in addition to the previous quakes were the reason for so much destruction.In total, 185 people were killed in the earthquake,[6][7] making it the second-deadliest natural disaster recorded in New Zealand (after the 1931 Hawkes Bay earthquake), and fourth-deadliest disaster of any kind recorded in New Zealand, with nationals from more than 20 countries among the victims. [10] Over half of the deaths occurred in the six-storey Canterbury Television (CTV) Building, which collapsed and caught fire in the quake. The government declared a state of national emergency, which stayed in force until 30 April 2011. 11] The total cost to insurers of rebuilding was originally estimated at NZ$15 billion. [12][13] At that point it was already predicted to be by far New Zealands costliest natural disaster, and the third-costliest earthquake (nominally) worldwide. [14] But by April 2013, the total estimated cost had ballooned to $40 billion. [15] Some economists have estimated it will take the New Zealand economy 50 to 100 years to completely recover. [16] The earthquake was the most damaging in a year-long earthquake swarm affecting the Christchurch area.It was followed by a large aftershock on 13 June (which caused considerable additional damage) and a series of large shock s on 23 December 2011. Contents [hide] * 1 Geology * 1. 1 Main aftershocks since 22 February 2011 * 1. 2 Canterbury region long-term probabilities * 2 Emergency management * 2. 1 Police * 2. 2 Search and rescue * 2. 3 Defence forces * 2. 4 Medical response * 2. 5 Humanitarian and welfare * 2. 6 Infrastructure and support * 3 Casualties, damage, and other effects * 3. 1 Casualties * 3. 1. 1 Animal casualties * 3. 2 Buildings affected * 3. 3 Suburbs * 3. 4 Beyond Christchurch 3. 5 Christchurch International Airport * 3. 6 Sport * 4 Response * 4. 1 International * 4. 2 Fundraising and charity events * 4. 3 Memorial services * 4. 4 Commission of Inquiry * 5 Recovery * 5. 1 Canterbury Earthquake Recovery Authority * 5. 2 Housing * 5. 3 Schools and universities * 6 Economic impact * 7 Cancellation of 2011 census * 8 See also * 9 References * 10 Further reading * 11 External links Geology[edit source | editbeta] Earthquake intensity map Location of the 12:51pm quake epicentre within Christ church The 6. 3 quake was probably an aftershock of the 7. -magnitude 4 September 2010 Canterbury earthquake. While New Zealands GNS Science describe it as technically an aftershock of the earlier event, other seismologists, including those from USA and Geoscience Australia, consider it a separate event, given its location on a separate fault system. [17][18] The earthquake has generated a significant series of its own aftershocks, many of which are considered big for a 6. 3 quake. [19] 361+ aftershocks (magnitude 3+ foreshocks incl) were experienced in the first week, the largest measuring magnitude 5. 9, which occurred just under 2 hours after the main shock. [20] A 5. -magnitude aftershock on 16 April,[21] the largest for several weeks, caused further damage, including power cuts and several large rock falls. [22] Another aftershock hit the Christchurch region on 10 May 2011 from the Greendale fault measuring 5. 3 magnitude. It cut power for a few minutes and caused further damag e to buildings in the city centre. No deaths or injuries were reported. It was felt as far away as Dunedin and Greymouth. [23] On 6 June, a large aftershock occurred, measuring 5. 5 on the Richter scale. The shake was felt as far away as Kaikoura and Oamaru. [22] A series of aftershocks occurred on 13 June.A tremor of 5. 7 was felt at 1 pm NZT, with depth of 9 km and an epicentre at Taylors Mistake,[24] followed by a 6. 3 tremor just over an hour later, with a depth of 6 km, located 10 km east of the city. [25] Power was cut to around 54,000 homes, with further damage and liquefaction in already weakened areas. The Lyttelton Timeball Station collapsed[26] and Christchurch Cathedral sustained more damage. At least 46 people were reported injured. [27] Initial reports suggest the earthquake occurred at a depth of 5 kilometres (3 mi); further analysis of seismic data might result in a revision of that depth. 19] Early reports suggested that it occurred on a previously unknown faultline running 17 km east-west from Scarborough Hill in South Eastern Christchurch to Halswell, at depths of 3–12 km,[28] but the Institute of Professional Engineers have since stated that GNS Science believe that the earthquake arose from the rupture of an 8 x 8 km fault running east-northeast at a depth of 1–2 km depth beneath the southern edge of the Avon-Heathcote Estuary and dipping southwards at an angle of about 65 degrees from the horizontal beneath the Port Hills. [29] Although the rupture was subsurface (i. . did not break the surface), satellite images indicate the net displacement of the land south of the fault was 50 cm westwards and upwards; the land movement would have been greater during the quake. [30] Land movement is varied around the area horizontally—in both east and west directions—and vertically; the Port Hills have been raised by 40 cm. [31] Satellite picture showing shaking strength (click to enlarge) The quake was a strike-slip event w ith oblique motion—mostly horizontal movement with some vertical movement[32]—with reverse thrust (i. . vertical movement upwards). [3] The vertical acceleration was far greater than the horizontal acceleration. [32] The intensity felt in Christchurch was MM VIII. [33] The peak ground acceleration (PGA) in central Christchurch exceeded 1. 8g (i. e. 1. 8 times the acceleration of gravity),[34] with the highest recording 2. 2g, at Heathcote Valley Primary School,[3] a shaking intensity equivalent to MM X+. [35] This is the highest PGA ever recorded in New Zealand; the highest reading during the September 2010 event was 1. 26g, recorded near Darfield. 34] The PGA is also one of the greatest ever ground accelerations recorded in the world,[36] and was unusually high for a 6. 3 quake. [19] and the highest in a vertical direction. [37] The central business district (CBD) experienced PGAs in the range of 0. 574 and 0. 802 g. [38] In contrast, the 7. 0 Mw 2010 Haiti earthquake had an estimated PGA of 0. 5g. [36] The acceleration occurred mainly in a vertical direction,[32] with eyewitness accounts of people being tossed into the air. [36] The upwards (positive acceleration) was greater than the downwards, which had a maximum recording of 0. g; the maximum recorded horizontal acceleration was 1. 7g[37] The force of the quake was statistically unlikely to occur more than once in 1000 years, according to one seismic engineer, with a PGA greater than many modern buildings were designed to withstand. [39] New Zealand building codes require a building with a 50-year design life to withstand predicted loads of a 500-year event; initial reports by GNS Science suggest ground motion considerably exceeded even 2500-year design motions,[40] beyond maximum considered events (MCE). 41] By comparison, the 2010 quake—in which damage was predominantly to pre-1970s buildings—exerted 65% of the design loading on buildings. [39] The acceleration experienced in February 2011 would totally flatten most world cities, causing massive loss of life; in Christchurch, New Zealands stringent building codes limited the disaster. [18] However, the most severe shaking lasted only 12 seconds, which perhaps prevented more extensive damage. [41] It is also possible that seismic lensing contributed to the ground effect, with the seismic waves rebounding off the hard basalt of the Port Hills back into the city. 28] Geologists reported liquefaction was worse than the 2010 quake. [32] The quake also caused significant landslips and rockfalls on the Port Hills. [32] Although smaller in magnitude than the 2010 quake, the earthquake was more damaging and deadly for a number of reasons. The epicentre was closer to Christchurch, and shallower at 5 kilometres (3 mi) underground, whereas the September quake was measured at 10 kilometres (6 mi) deep. The February earthquake occurred during lunchtime on a weekday when the CBD was busy, and many buildings were alrea dy weakened from the previous quakes. 42][43] The PGA was extremely high, and simultaneous vertical and horizontal ground movement was almost impossible for buildings to survive intact. [32] Liquefaction was significantly greater than that of the 2010 quake, causing the upwelling of more than 200,000 tonnes of silt[44][45] which needed to be cleared. The increased liquefaction caused significant ground movement, undermining many foundations and destroying infrastructure, damage which may be the greatest ever recorded anywhere in a modern city. [29] 80% of the water and sewerage system was severely damaged. 41] While both the 2010 and 2011 earthquakes occurred on blind or unknown faults, New Zealands Earthquake Commission had, in a 1991 report, predicted moderate earthquakes in Canterbury with the likelihood of associated liquefaction. [18][46] According to GNS Science seismologists, the energy released in Christchurch was equivalent to a magnitude 6. 7 earthquake. [47] On 13 June 20 11, two major aftershocks measuring 5. 7 and 6. 3 struck the region, causing further damage, liquefaction and 10 injuries in and around Christchurch. [48] These were followed by a magnitude 5. quake at a depth of 8 km and centred 10 km south-west of Christchurch at 10:34 pm on 21 June 2011. [49] Main aftershocks since 22 February 2011[edit source | editbeta] Below is a list of all aftershocks of Richter,Moment amp; Body-wave Magnitudes 5. 0 and above that have hit Christchurch since the 22 February 2011 earthquake. [50] Date| Time| Richter Magnitude| Moment Magnitude| Body-wave Magnitude| Earthquake Epicentre| Depth (km)| Depth (miles)| Modified Mercalli| 22 February 2011| 12:51 pm| 6. 3| 6. 2| 6. 3| 10 km south of Christchurch| 5. 0 km| 3. 1 miles| X.Intense| 22 February 2011| 1:04 pm| 5. 8| 5. 5| 5. 5| 10 km south of Christchurch| 5. 9 km| 3. 6 miles| VII. Very Strong| 22 February 2011| 2:50 pm| 5. 9| 5. 6| 5. 6| Within 5 km of Lyttelton| 6. 72 km| 4. 1 miles| VII. Very Strong| 22 February 2011| 2:51 pm| 5. 1| 4. 5| 4. 4| Within 5 km of Lyttelton| 7. 3 km| 4. 5 miles| VI. Strong| 22 February 2011| 4:04 pm| 5. 0| 4. 5| 4. 4| Within 5 km of Christchurch| 12. 0 km| 7. 4 miles| VI. Strong| 22 February 2011| 7:43 pm| 5. 0| 4. 4| 4. 5| 20 km south-east of Christchurch| 12. 0 km| 7. 4 miles| VI. Strong| 5 March 2011| 7:34 pm| 5. 0| 4. 6| 4. | 10 km south-east of Christchurch| 9. 5 km| 5. 9 miles| VI. Strong| 20 March 2011| 9:47 pm| 5. 1| 4. 5| 4. 5| 10 km east of Christchurch| 11. 83 km| 7. 3 miles| VI. Strong| 16 April 2011| 5:49 pm| 5. 3| 5. 0| 5. 2| 20 km south-east of Christchurch| 10. 6 km| 6. 5 miles| VI. Strong| 30 April 2011| 7:04 am| 5. 2| 4. 9| 4. 7| 60 km north-east of Christchurch| 8. 7 km| 5. 4 miles| VI. Strong| 10 May 2011| 3:04 am| 5. 2| 4. 9| 5. 0| 20 km west of Christchurch| 14. 4 km| 8. 9 miles| VI. Strong| 6 June 2011| 9:09 am| 5. 5| 5. 1| 5. 1| 20 km south-west of Christchurch| 8. 1 km| 5. 0 miles| VI.Strong| Date| Time| Richter Magnitude (ML)| Moment Magnitude (Mw)| Body-wave Magnitude (Mb)| Earthquake Epicentre| Depth (km)| Depth (miles)| Modified Mercalli| 13 June 2011| 1:00 pm| 5. 9| 5. 3| 5. 0| 10 km south-east of Christchurch| 8. 9 km| 5. 5 miles| VIII. Destructive| 13 June 2011| 2:20 pm| 6. 4| 5. 9| 6. 0| 10 km south-east of Christchurch| 6. 9 km| 4. 2 miles| IX. Violent| 13 June 2011| 2:21 pm| 5. 1| 4. 8| 4. 8| 10 km south-east of Christchurch| 10. 2 km| 6. 4 miles| VI. Strong| 15 June 2011| 6:27 am| 5. 2| 4. 8| 5. 0| 20 km south-east of Christchurch| 5. 8 km| 3. 5 miles| VI.Strong| 21 June 2011| 10:34 pm| 5. 4| 5. 2| 5. 2| 10 km south-west of Christchurch| 8. 3 km| 5. 2 miles| VI. Strong| 22 July 2011| 5:39 am| 5. 3| 4. 7| 4. 7| 40 km west of Christchurch| 12 km| 7. 4 miles| VI. Strong| 2 September 2011| 3:29 am| 5. 0| 4. 6| 4. 5| 10 km east of Lyttelton| 7. 6 km| 4. 7 miles| VI. Strong| 9 October 2011| 8:34 pm| 5. 5| 4. 9| 5. 0| 10 km north-east of Diamond Harbour| 12. 0 km| 7. 4 miles| VI. Strong| Date| Time| R ichter Magnitude (ML)| Moment Magnitude (Mw)| Body-wave Magnitude (Mb)| Earthquake Epicentre| Depth (km)| Depth (miles)| Modified Mercalli| 23 December 2011| 1:58 pm| 5. | 5. 8| 5. 8| 20 km north-east of Lyttelton| 8 km| 4. 9 miles| VIII. Destructive| 23 December 2011| 2:06 pm| 5. 3| 5. 4| 5. 4| 21 km east-north-east of Christchurch| 10. 1 km| 6. 2 miles| VII. Very Strong| 23 December 2011| 3:18 pm| 6. 2| 6. 0| 5. 9| 10 km north of Lyttelton| 6 km| 3. 7 miles| VIII. Destructive| 23 December 2011| 4:50 pm| 5. 1| 4. 7| 4. 8| 20 km east of Christchurch| 10 km| 6. 2 miles| VI. Strong| 24 December 2011| 6:37 am| 5. 1| 4. 9| 5. 1| 10 km east of Akaroa| 9 km| 5. 5 miles| VI. Strong| 2 January 2012| 1:27 am| 5. 1| 4. 8| 4. 9| 20 km north-east of Lyttelton| 13. 3 km| 8. 2 miles| VI.Strong| 2 January 2012| 5:45 am| 5. 3| | | 20 km north-east of Lyttelton| 13. 5 km| 8. 3 miles| VII. Very Strong| 2 January 2012| 5:45 am| 5. 6| 5. 1| 5. 1| 20 km north-east of Lyttelton| 13. 5 km| 8. 3 miles| VII . Very Strong| 6 January 2012| 2:22 am| 5. 0| 4. 5| 4. 6| 20 km north-east of Lyttelton| 6. 7 km| 4. 0 miles| VI. Very Strong| 7 January 2012| 1:21 am| 5. 3| 4. 8| 5. 0| 20 km east of Christchurch| 8. 4 km| 5. 2 miles| VI. Strong| 15 January 2012| 2:47 am| 5. 1| 4. 6| 4. 5| 10 km east of Christchurch| 5. 8 km | 3. 6 miles| VI. Strong| This table is being constantly updated, and upgrades and downgrades may happen.Canterbury region long-term probabilities[edit source | editbeta] One month: 9 November 2012 – 8 December 2012| Magnitude Range| Expected Range| Expected Average| Probability| 5. 0 5. 4| 0 1| 0. 12| 11%| 5. 5 5. 9| 0 1| 0. 033| 3%| 6. 0 6. 4| 0 1| 0. 009| 1%| 6. 5 6. 9| 0 1| 0. 0025| lt;1%| 7. 0 7. 9| 0 1| 0. 0009| lt;1%| One year: 9 November 2012 – 8 November 2013| Magnitude Range| Expected Range| Expected Average| Probability| 5. 0 5. 4| 0 4| 1. 2| 69%| 5. 5 5. 9| 0 2| 0. 34| 29%| 6. 0 6. 4| 0 1| 0. 093| 9%| 6. 5 6. 9| 0 1| 0. 025| 2%| 7. 0 7. 9| 0 1| 0. 009| 1%|This table was last updated on November 14, 2012 Information in the tables above is sourced from GNS Science, New Zealand. [50] Emergency management[edit source | editbeta] In the immediate moments following the quake, ordinary citizens and those emergency services on duty responded and initiated rescues. Although communications proved difficult initially (it took many hours to obtain a full picture of the devastation) a full emergency management structure was in place within two hours, with national coordination operating from the National Crisis Management Centre bunker in the Beehive in Wellington. 51] Regional emergency operations command was established in the Christchurch Art Gallery, a modern earthquake-proofed building in the centre of the city which had sustained only minor damage. [52] On 23 February the Minister of Civil Defence, John Carter declared the situation a state of national emergency,[53] the countrys first for a civil defence emergency ( the only other one was for the 1951 waterfront dispute). [54] As per the protocols of New Zealands Coordinated Incident Management System and the Civil Defence Emergency Management Act, the Civil Defence became lead agency—with Air Vice Marshal John Hamilton as National Controller.His alternate was Steve Brazier, Director of the Security and Risk Group at the Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet. They were supported by New Zealand Police, Fire Service, Defence Force and many other agencies and organisations. [55] One experienced international USAR team member described the response as the best-organised emergency he had witnessed. [56] The Government response was immediate and significant, with many departments and ministries involved.Cabinet Minister Gerry Brownlees regular portfolios were distributed amongst other cabinet ministers, so he could focus solely on earthquake recovery. [57] After a brief sitting, when a National Emergency was declared, Parliament was adj ourned until 8 March so cabinet could work on earthquake recovery. [58] Prime Minister John Key and other ministers regularly visited Christchurch, supporting Christchurch mayor Bob Parker, who was heavily involved in the emergency management and became the face of the city, despite his own injuries and family concerns. 59] Both COGIC (French Civil Protection)[60] and the American USGS requested the activation of the International Charter on Space and Major Disasters on the behalf of MCDEM New Zealand, thus readily providing satellite imagery for aid and rescue services. [61] Police[edit source | editbeta] Christchurch Police were supplemented by staff and resources from around the country, along with a 300-strong contingent of Australian Police, who were sworn in as New Zealand Police on their arrival, bringing the total officers in the city to 1200. 62] Alongside regular duties, the police provided security cordons, organised evacuations, supported search and rescue teams, missing persons and family liaison, and organised media briefings and tours of the affected areas. They also provided forensic analysis and evidence gathering at fatalities and Disaster Victim Identification (DVI) teams, working closely with pathologists, forensic dentists and scientists, and the coroner at the emergency mortuary established at Burnham Military Camp. [63] They were aided by DVI teams from Australia, UK, Thailand[64] Taiwan and Israel. 63] They follow international best practice for victim identification after disasters—which is extremely thorough to ensure correct identification—and have assistance from the Interpol DVI chair. [65][66] New Zealand Police requested 300 police from Australia for non-rescue tasks such as traffic control, general policing duties and to prevent looting. The contingent was formed by 200 from the New South Wales Police Force,[67] 50 from the Australian Federal Police[68] and others from Queensland, Victoria and South Australia state police forces. 69] In total, 323 Australian police, including DVI officers, were sent. [70][71] Following their arrival on 25 February, they were briefed on New Zealand law and procedure and the emergency regulations before being sworn in as temporary constables, giving them complete New Zealand policing powers. [69][72] Many of them received standing ovations from appreciative locals as they walked through Christchurch Airport upon arrival. [73] The first contingent remained in New Zealand for two weeks, after which they were replaced by a further contingent. 72] While serving in New Zealand, the Australian officers would not carry guns, since New Zealand police are a routinely unarmed force; the officers would instead be equipped with standard New Zealand issue batons and capsicum spray. [73][74] It was the first time in 170 years that Australian police have patrolled in New Zealand. [72] Following a rotation of staff, police were present from all Australian states and territorie s as well as Federal Police, the first time representatives from all Australian forces have worked together on a single operation. [75] Search and rescue[edit source | editbeta]A Japanese search and rescue team approaches the ruins of the CTV building. The New Zealand Fire Service coordinated search and rescue, particularly the Urban Search and Rescue (USAR) teams from New Zealand and Australia, UK, USA, Japan, Taiwan, China and Singapore, totalling 150 personnel from New Zealand and 429 from overseas. [56] They also responded to fires, serious structural damage reports, and land slips working with structural engineers, seismologists and geologists, as well as construction workers, crane and digger operators and demolition experts.A team of 72 urban search and rescue specialists from New South Wales, Australia was sent to Christchurch on a RAAF C-130 Hercules, arriving 12 hours after the quake, with another team of 70 (along with three sniffer dogs) from Queensland sent the followin g day. [76] A team of 55 Disaster Assistance and Rescue Team members from the Singapore Civil Defence Force were sent. [77] The United States sent Urban Search and Rescue California Task Force 2, a 74-member heavy rescue team consisting of firefighters and paramedics from the Los Angeles County Fire Department, doctors, engineers and 26 tons of pre-packaged rescue equipment. 78][79] Japan sent 70 search-and-rescue personnel including specialists from the coastguard, police and fire fighting service, as well as three sniffer dogs. [80] The team left New Zealand earlier than planned due to the 9. 0 earthquake which struck their homeland on 11 March. [81] The United Kingdom sent a 53 strong search and rescue team including 9 Welsh firefighters who had assisted the rescue effort during the 2010 Haiti Earthquake. [82] Taiwan sent a 22-member team from the National Fire Agency, along with 2 tons of specialist search and rescue equipment. [83][84] China sent a 10-member specialist rescue t eam. 85] Defence forces[edit source | editbeta] The New Zealand Defence Force—staging their largest operation on New Zealand soil[86]— provided logistics, equipment, transport, airbridges, evacuations, supply and equipment shipments, survey of the Port and harbour, and support to the agencies, including meals; they assisted the Police with security, and provided humanitarian aid particularly to Lyttleton, which was isolated from the city in the first days. [87] Over 1400 Army, Navy and Air Force personnel were involved,[88] and Territorials (Army Reserve) were called up. 89] They were supplemented by 116 soldiers from the Singapore Army, in Christchurch for a training exercise at the time of the earthquake, who assisted in the cordon of the city. [77][90] HMNZS Canterbury provided aid to Lyttelton residents isolated by the quake. The Royal New Zealand Air Force provided an air bridge between Christchurch and Wellington using a Boeing 757 and two C-130 Hercules,and brin ging in emergency crews and equipment and evacuating North Island residents and tourists out of Christchurch. Three RNZAF Bell UH-1 Iroquois helicopters were also used to transport Police, VIPs and aid to locations around Christchurch.RNZAF Beech King Air aircraft were also used to evacuate people from Christchurch. The crew of the Navy ship Canterbury, in Lyttelton harbour at the time of the earthquake, provided meals for 1,000 people left homeless in that town,[91] and accommodation for a small number of locals. [92] The Royal Australian Air Force also assisted with air lifts. On one of their journeys, an RAAF Hercules sustained minor damage in an aftershock. [93] The army also operated desalination plants to provide water to the eastern suburbs. [94] Medical response[edit source | editbeta]Australias foreign minister Kevin Rudd told Sky News that New Zealands Foreign Affairs Minister Murray McCully had asked for further help from Australia. He said Australia would send counsellor s over and a disaster medical assistance team comprising 23 emergency and surgical personnel. [95] A field hospital providing 75 beds arrived 24 February. [76] Set up in the badly affected eastern suburbs, it was equipped to provide triage, emergency care, maternity, dentistry and isolation tents for gastroenteritis, and also provide primary care since most general practices in the area were unable to open. 96] Humanitarian and welfare[edit source | editbeta] Humanitarian support and welfare were provided by various agencies, in particular the New Zealand Red Cross and the Salvation Army. Welfare Centres and support networks were established throughout the city. Government Departments, such as WINZ and Housing New Zealand established contact with as many people as possible and provided grants and assistance. Many church and community-led projects also became established. The scale of the disaster meant many people went some days without official contact, so neighbourhoods and street s were encouraged to attend to those around them.Official visitation teams were organised by Civil Defence, with aim of visiting every household; the teams, which assessed homes and welfare needs, and passed on official information, included structural engineers or assessors from EQC. The primarily wilderness all-volunteer search and rescue organisation, LandSAR, deployed 530 people to the city to perform welfare checks. Over the course of a week, LandSAR teams visited 67,000 premisis. [97] Workers try to restore water service Infrastructure and support[edit source | editbeta] Businesses and organisations contributed massively to the initial rescue, recovery and emergency infrastructure.Orion, Christchurchs electricity distribution lines company, assisted by other lines companies from New Zealand, worked constantly to restore power. The 66 kV subtransmission cables supplying Dallington and New Brighton zone substations from Transpowers Bromley substation were damaged beyond repair, which necessitated the erection of temporary 66 kV overhead lines from Bromley to Dallington and Bromley to New Brighton to get power into the eastern suburbs. Such a project would usually take six or seven weeks but was completed in 2? days, with the resource consent process taking only 20 minutes. 98] Power had been restored to 82% of households within five days,[99] and to 95% within two weeks. [100] Generators were donated, and telephone companies established emergency communications and free calls. Water provision was worked on by companies and contractors, while Fonterra provided milk tankers to bring in water, the Army provided desalination plants, and bottled supplies were sent in by volunteers and companies. Mains water supply was re-established to 70% households within one week. [101] Waste water and sewerage systems had been severely damaged, so households had to establish emergency latrines.Over 2,000 portaloos and 5,000 chemical toilets from throughout New Zealand and o verseas were brought in, with 20,000 more chemical toilets placed on order from the manufacturers. [100] Community laundries were set up in affected suburbs by Fisher and Paykel[102] and individuals. Portable shower units were also established in the eastern suburbs. [100] Many companies assisted with transport, particularly Air New Zealand, which operated extra flights of Boeing 747 aircraft to/from Auckland and Boeing 737/Airbus A320/Boeing 777 aircraft to/from Wellington to move people and supplies in and out of Christchurch.The airline also offered flights for Christchurch residents to and from Christchurch for NZ$ 50 one-way from any New Zealand, Australian and Pacific Island airport, and for NZ$400 one way from other international destinations for affected family-members. [103] Fundraising and support efforts were established throughout the country, with many individuals, community groups and companies providing food and services to the city, for welfare and clean up. Many imp romptu initiatives gained significant traction.Thousands of people helped with the clean-up efforts—involving the removal of over 200,000 tonnes of liquefaction silt—including Canterbury Universitys Student Volunteer Army (created after the September quake but significantly enlarged) and the Federated Farmers Farmy Army. [104] The Rangiora Earthquake Express provided over 250 tonnes of water, medical supplies, and food, including hot meals, from nearby Rangiora by helicopter and truck. [105] Casualties, damage, and other effects[edit source | editbeta]The effect of liquefaction in North New Brighton, Christchurch A Central City Red Zone was established on the day of the earthquake as a public exclusion zone in the Christchurch Central City. Since February 2013, it was officially renamed the CBD Rebuild Zone by government agencies, but remained to be known as the Red Zone. It gradually shrank in size and the last cordons were removed on 30 June 2013, 859 days after the earthquake. [106][107][108] As of 3 May 2011, the New Zealand Police believed 181 people had died as a result of the earthquake, but a further four deaths were later judged by the coroner to have been due to the earthquake. 6] Of the 185 victims, 115 people were lost in the Canterbury Television building alone, while another 18 died in the collapse of PGC House, and eight were killed when masonry fell on Red Bus number 702 in Colombo Street. [7] An additional 28 people were killed in various places across the city centre, and twelve were killed in suburban Christchurch. [7] Due to the injuries sustained some bodies remained unidentified. [109] Between 6,600 and 6,800 people were treated for minor injuries (ECAN Review October 2011),[full citation needed] and Christchurch Hospital alone treated 220 major trauma cases connected to the quake. [110]Results of liquefaction. The fine washed-up sand solidifies after the water has run off. Rescue efforts continued for over a week, then shif ted into recovery mode. The last survivor was pulled from the rubble the day after the quake. [111] At 5 pm local time on the day of the earthquake, Radio New Zealand reported that 80% of the city had no power. Water and wastewater services have been disrupted throughout the city, with authorities urging residents to conserve water and collect rainwater. It was expected that the State of Emergency Level 3, the highest possible in a regional disaster, would last for at least five days.Medical staff from the army were deployed. Road and bridge damage occurred and hampered rescue efforts. [112] Soil liquefaction and surface flooding also occurred. [113] Road surfaces were forced up by liquefaction, and water and sand were spewing out of cracks. [114] A number of cars were crushed by falling debris. [115] In the central city, two buses were crushed by falling buildings. [116] As the earthquake hit at the lunch hour, some people on the pavements were buried by collapsed buildings. [117] Casualties[edit source | editbeta]As of 8 September 2011, New Zealand Police had formally identified 177 deceased, and released the names of all 181 victims. In the list are people from fifteen different nationalities, including New Zealand, and the ages of the victims range from 5 weeks to 87 years. [7] Four victims could not be formally identified all of whom were recovered from the CTV Building. Coroner Matenga said, Any traces of DNA have been destroyed by the extremely high temperatures caused by the fire in the CTV building. [109] The nationalities of the deceased are:-[7] Country| Casualties| New Zealand – Christchurch Waimakariri amp; Selwyn – Lyttelton – Wellington – Other/Unknown| 97[118] 86 8 1 1 1| Japan| 28[118]| China| 23| Philippines| 9| Thailand| 6| Israel| 3| South Korea| 2| Canada Ireland Malaysia Romania[119] Serbia Taiwan (Republic of China) Turkey United States| 1 each| Total| 176| Animal casualties[edit source | editbeta] Animal welf are agencies reported that many pets were lost or distressed following the earthquake. [120][121] SPCA rescue manager Blair Hillyard said his 12-strong team assisted urban search and rescue teams that encountered aggressive dogs while conducting house-to-house checks.The team also worked with animals in areas where humans had been evacuated and distributed animal food and veterinary supplies to families in need. 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How White Lies Can Be Good For Your Marriage Research Paper

How White Lies Can Be Good For Your Marriage - Research Paper Example In translating this idea into a more academic realm, this literature review is going to analyze research on the importance of trust and communication in an interpersonal relationship. What happens when white lies are told? Is it better to always tell the truth or to safeguard the feelings of your significant other by telling them a simple, unassuming lie? The aim of this literature analysis is to determine if the practice of telling white lies can lead to more serious transgressions of trust within a relationship. The following ten journal articles will divulge this argument of white lies in a relationship to determine whether or not they help or harm a relationship. In order to discuss the literature surrounding this argument, this analysis will review articles about trust and deception within relationships. Analyzing the positive and negative components of white lies against these relationship ideas will help to determine the effect that minor lies can have a romantic connection. B eginning with trust in relationships, Fletcher and Simpson’s 2000 journal article on the Ideal Standards Model discusses what components are necessary for the makings of a good relationship. In placing the ideas of truth and honesty into the loyalty category, it is evident that truth plays a vital role in a relationship. While one can argue that people show their devotion and commitment to one another by demonstrating continuous truth and honesty in a relationship, the question also arises of protecting feelings.... The Ideal Standards Model contains three categories of warmth-loyalty, vitality-attractiveness and status-resources. In placing the ideas of truth and honesty into the loyalty category, it is evident that truth plays a vital role in a relationship. While one can argue that people show their devotion and commitment to one another by demonstrating continuous truth and honesty in a relationship, the question also arises of protecting feelings. According to Fletcher and Simpson, showing your partner compassion and being attentive to their needs for respect and intimacy will increase the chances of a successful relationship. As part of this notion, one can argue that in showing respect for your partner you support them in whatever endeavor they are choosing to follow. In the cases of situations where opinions are not vitally important, such as choosing a movie, going to a concert or picking a new color for an upstairs bathroom, if one person in the relationship truly has their heart set o n one idea, is it really worth arguing over? According to Fletcher and Simpson, a couple in a successful relationship will take opportunities such as this to allow their partner to be happy by telling an insignificant white lie by just agreeing with their choice. As Fletcher and Simpson highlight the components of truth in a successful relationship, Charles Smith’s 2007 article concerning deception highlights its role within the context of a partnership. According to Smith, deception is something that can happen on multiple levels within our lives. We can be deceived by how we perceive things are connected or in the ways they may be mysterious. For example, we can deceive

Money , its for a History of economic thought class Essay

Money , its for a History of economic thought class - Essay Example Money is the difference between that person who is sleeping hungry and that one who affords to have his pets on a special diet. In this sense, it is the promoter of inequality. Once inequality checks in, the consequences are unlimited there is anger, dissatisfaction, deception and every other emotion and act that epitomizes dissent. It is at this point that â€Å"money costs too much†. This is because it gets to a point where it costs life, peace and relationships. The focus of this essay is on relationships the concern is how money comes between people, how money blurs our sight that we soon forget the emotional, patriotic and sometimes blood bond that hold us together. The essence of this inquiry has been informed throughout the semester, having the opportunity to journalize different experiences regarding money has really brought to the fore the value we place on money. This is because unless we place too much value on money higher than the value we place on our social rela tions then it would never be possible for money to downplay our relations. Unfortunately, the exposure I have had throughout this course and the materials I have read have brought to the fore the disheartening truth that money has a much greater force, it costs too much. Economically, money is considered a medium of exchange the means through which we are able to acquire different goods and services. Historically, it has not always been represented by coins and notes but at some point gold and other valuable metals were the preferred means of exchange. However, history teaches us that the problem has not been with the nature but on the value placed on these materials. Any material in which extreme value has been placed has thrown people into frenzy they are continually interested in amassing that which has value. The burst of the Mississippi bubble brings this act of desperation and thirst for value into perspective. It depicts the race to hold that which has value and disposing tha t which has less value. This has been a historical trend, one that has only aggravated over time, the fundamental question is at what cost? The answer may not be as a definite, but it is evident, it is at a much higher cost. Over the past few months I have been able to watch the documentary â€Å"inside job†. The film directed by Charles Ferguson traces the root of the financial crises that only became so apparent in 2007-8. However, following the film clearly illustrates that the financial crises had been ongoing for a while. The signs had been there of a slowdown but were largely ignored. The reason for this ignorance is the basis of this study. The crisis was driven by a need to compound on gains made, a need to amass assets that were being speculated to appreciate in value. Given the capital limitation enforced by the market dynamics, people had to borrow and banks, which are also the primary lenders had to lend for speculative purposes and had also to invest in these spe culations. In any case, the banks were the first to participate in these speculative ventures. The result was an imbalance between the asset base and money borrowed by investments banks. At the end, the speculative ventures never bore the anticipated results and the banks were left indebted. People who had entrusted their hard earned money had lost their confidence on the very people who represented a chance of higher value. This

Does Marketing Cost Too Much Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Does Marketing Cost Too Much - Term Paper Example This is Micromarketing, because it pertains to choices affecting market segments that the restaurant will cater to. Micromarketing is ‘one-to-one’ marketing (Donovan, 2005); essentially, marketing techniques regarding market segments and individual customers. Here, his marketing style will cost the restaurateur; he will lose a large market segment that enjoys wine with food. Furthermore, he will lose sales volumes and consequent profits. Profits will dip sans high profit margin alcohol sale. A sole tourist is launched into orbit for a fee of $20 million dollars. The flight is not conducted solely for the benefit of the tourist as scientific research takes place. Furthermore, the $20 million fee can be used to fund future research or to help underwrite the cost of future flights. This is Macro marketing, it looks at the effect marketing has on society and vice versa by research. (Mick, Bateman and Lutz, 2009). In this case marketing is not ‘costing too much’ because it will reap future benefits, also the money spent can be utilized in the future to fund further scientific research and cover other costs in the process. A retailer has to mark the price down below cost to unload inventory. Does this suggest that the initial pricing wasn’t competitive, and/or that the marketing mix as a whole was ineffective? Perhaps failure in part is due to the purchase of a poorly designed product or a product that doesn’t meet the clienteles’ needs. Alternately, it may be that the store’s advertising didn’t reach or influence the appropriate target market. Finally, failure may have resulted from the retailer’s inattention to the competitive environment. These are Micromarketing issues relating to the marketing mix and other micro issues such as product design, advertising, targeting market segments, ineffective competitive measures etc. Former mix and strategy would have cost the retailer

Strategic management and business policy module

Strategic management and business policy module 1 There were a number of concurrent changes in the VSM Group in the period 1997-2003, is the VSM Group still the same company? No the company has changed a lot with the arrival of the new CEO, new things has been introduced as: More people were involved in strategic sessions New mission statement Companion strategy High involvement of employees on different level Purchase of competitors added production capacity to the firm Processes have been directed towards strengthening the linkages between functional areas in the value chain. The physical relocation of the RD and marketing departments to the same building New programs for educating the retailers and customers on sewing and using the machines. Integrating technology (mainly on line) with the innovation of the new machines. 2 How would you describe the strategic capability of Viking Sewing Machines in 1997? In 2003? In 1997: The Company brought their managers of their major national sales companies as well as the marketing vice president into the top management; also there were changes in their operating systems New mission and documents brought different level together which added a broader sight Bringing the technical expertise and marketers together to come up with new innovations that meet customers needs. In 2003: New and exclusive dealers had been added. Two strong brands, Pfaff as a high quality brand, and Husqvarna as the family and innovative brand. Brno added add capacity of production to the company, which was cost efficient and added capacity to the production. They have expertise in the product development of the sewing machines industry 3 Are the core competences in 2003 more robust than in 1997? Definitely yes; there were more focus in the strategy and direction in 2003 They have better product development capabilities. Two strong brands. An IT company to develop their own technology work, thus controlling the embroidery market. Building linkages within the value chain. 4 What are the important factors in the macro-environment that influence VSM and its industry? Political The political situation might be influenced by the trade agreement between the States and the European origin products. Also, manufacturing in the Far East might have some regulations and extra taxations since these markets are flooding the world with lower priced products. Economic The economic situation is affected by the difference in currency of the different origin or production and consumer markets. To raise quality they might need to shift the factors from Far East to another location with higher pays. Also, Sales of low priced simple machines have increased, while more advanced machines showed steady sales. Social Clothes became cheaper so no need for sewing at home. More social activities emerged and resulted in less time afforded to sewing hobbies Technological This had the major contribution here due to: The high development of the internet usages and its spread; The power and reach of the new software. Enhancement of the senses and computerized motors to give better functionality to the machines. People (Customers) are more technologically driven and are up to date with innovations thus request the new and complicated models. Environmental Natural crisis as Tsunamis are threatening the Far East which might result in a cut of production and disturbance to the manufacturing flow. Legal It will depend on new regulation for this industry or in the industrial market as a whole 5 What are the forces of competition in the sewing machine industry? Five Forces analysis Competitive rivalry Moderate since there are moderate product innovation, and no real competition in the market through prices and addressing resellers. Low number of competitors covering the same segment There are some product differentiations in the complete products that depend on innovation Entry barrier Low, with some concern regarding the reach to the distribution channels that work exclusively with the other companies. There are some capital investment and know-how but its not a major one. Buyer power Buyers have high bargaining power due to low switching costs between brands since the industry is mature and there arent a lot of product differentiations for the general products. Supplier Power There arent any concentration in the supplier side , and the raw material are mainly general materials and the production and the RD at the VMS are covering the other parts , thus we see this as weak Substitutes Mostly this market have good quality machines and a lower cost ones from east Asia , thus they differ in price and quality , and switching cost is low , thus it will increase the threats for the normal machines , while complex computerized machines are limited in the market. From the above we dont see the market as attractive for new entrant since people tent more to buy cloths outside and have very attractive and affordable prices of clothes rather than creating their own. 6 What are the next strategic issues Viking will have to address? What strategic options might be considered? They need to maintain their technical leadership and managing the value chain. Also they need to manage their brands and their recent acquisitions. As for their next steps it should be to protect and build on their current successful position. They should work on increasing their customer orientation, RD, production, marketing, distribution in all parts of their value chain. Where the retailers have a major role in reaching their customer, which needs concentration and follow up on their training and supporting them , this will also place a good part of the attention on marketing and customers relationship management and VSM has transformed with the help of the new CEO from a product orientated company to a market oriented one. They also started to focus on selected customer segment to cover their needs; this is shown with the different targeting technique from their VMS and Pfaff line of machines, were they need to work on the innovation of products and services. The company has good attention to the acquisition of Emnet and software engineers computing companies. Where they need to build on their traditional strength and benefit from their product development, and the use of the new technology to add an edge for them in this industry m where the production have to be met with an aggressive and smart sales force . 7 How does the strategy of the VSM Group match its strategic capability with its environment? How did it change from 1997 to 2003? They need to concentrate on their existing resource positions and building on their new resources to capture a position on their selected market. VSM had many important recourses and competences that help them with their initial strategy building on their RD process and innovative production which have highlighted their brand , here they missed the importance of marketing and its power to play with the environmental factors to bring more success to the firm . And since the market was declining the way to survive was to concentrate on differentiation products that are high computerized. And mainly focus differentiation and top of the line models ,which needed to reach the customer with exclusive retailers and at prime locations , and took keep the flow of the experience they had trained the retailers to a level that represent them and keep a good relationship with the customers . Here they also created training programs for their end users of the machines and train them on professional ways and patterns of using these machines. Problem with their earlier value chain and not being able to have the benefit reach their clients due to the lack of the marketing control over retailers thus the new strategy was to fix this cut in the link in the value chain, another issue they were facing is the lack of communication between their RN and their marketing department, which the new CEO brought these department physical near each other to enhance this channels. Their new acquisition of their competitor Pfaff added new resources and a strong high end brand to the group, the thing now is how to manage their two brands since they compete in the same markets knowing that the perceived value and prices are not the sole player in the market, here they benefited from their technological edge and their high quality products in a clear market communication process to reach their desired customers segments each one by its own without affecting the flow and the strategy of the other brand. 8 The case starts with the arrival of the new CEO. What role did Mr. Runnquist play in the transformation of the company? How important is he for the future of the company? The New CEO defiantly added a lot to the organization and did a paradigm shift to their working culture, such as collaboration of a bigger audience in major decisions of the organization, educating employees, retailers and end users . He was under press since the company was newly sold to a new owner that expected revenues to jump , which made him shift the organization from production oriented to market oriented one to capture all aspects and react on them . Here the need for a new mission, vision and strategic document of the organization emerged , where he have going the forces from different departments to participate and build them , this of course included different levels of the organization to jump in these activity which have added some sense of commitment and ownership among all levels . Another major issue he worked on is the harmony and good level of communication in their value chain, working from the RD, production, marketing, Sales, retailer to the end customers. This helped in having all these level at the same level of professionalism and updated knowledge to better understand the products to be able to sell or buy them. He is very important for the continuity and the future challenges that will face VMS, he need to continually have an eye open for new channels and treats and benefit from this firms resources and capabilities building on their experiences to capture opportunity and turn around weakness and treats to bring more success to the firm, this of course implies that he might have another paradigm shift if it is needed. 9 At two points in time, the CEO of the VSM Group opens up a broad discussion on the strategic issues. What issues are discussed and why does he involve a larger group of the management on these issues? The first one was in 1997, when he joined the organization and need all level to be part of the new paradigm shift and mind set of the firm and be a part in creating their new mission. The second one was in 2000, after the acquisition of other firms team from outside the higher management was brought again to discuss the future of the firm and to gain legitimacy for the strategy ahead. The importance of this part was also to set all minds to a focused set of actions to deal with the two competing rand so as not to confuse the market and employees so and not to lose their corporate identity. It is important to participate a good audience to create commitment to the new strategic moves and create some sense of ownership among different level in the firm and push hard for the future and targets.

Wilbur and Orville Wright and the First Airplane Essay -- dream, aircra

In 1903, I can only imagine that the single thought inside of both Wilbur and Orville Wright’s minds was to get their airplane off the ground. Because of their dream of heavier-than-air flight, mankind has gone from a flight of 120 feet, in an aircraft designed largely out of wood, using bicycle drive technology (World Digital Library, 2013), to a spacecraft that is about to leave our solar system (Voyager I). To quote American author, Napoleon Hill (1992), â€Å"Whatever the mind of man can conceive and believe, it can achieve.† When we stop to consider how far we have come in just over one hundred years, is it even possible to conceive what air travel might look like a hundred years from now? From the Wright Flyer to the aircraft we fly today, they all started as a dream that later turned into a design. NASA is not sending astronauts into space at the moment, but that has not stopped the engineers at NASA from working on advanced aerodynamic designs and technologies that would help us achieve the dream of traveling farther, faster and higher. Improved materials such as carbon-fiber give an aircraft lighter weight, improved performance and lower fuel consumption. NASA’s newest design in carbon-fiber is called â€Å"PRSEUS† (Pultruded rod, Stitched, Efficient, Unitized Structure), a material that will be stronger than current carbon-fiber technology and will greatly reduce the need for rivets and other fasteners that lead to structural fatigue. NASA believes this new material will help Boeing achieve its goal of an aircraft of blended wing design (Sloan, 2011). Boeing has stated that tests for strength and performance on PRSEUS have exceeded their expectations . Boeing is using this new material in their X-48B, a small scale functional ble... ...lying cars: Radical concept design aims high. BBC Future. Retrieved from http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20130523-radical-flying-car-model-unveiled TheCrit. (2008, June 30). Boeing develops anti-gravity propulsion. Retrieved from http://thecrit.com/2008/06/30/boeing-develops-anti-gravity-propulsion/ Vogel, J. (2013, May 03). The warp speed of today: Boeing's x-51a waverider . Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FIbW8-Ow50I Wiki. (n.d.). Scramjet. Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scramjet Wise, J. (2006, June 05). Introducing the airplane of the future. Popular Mechanics. Retrieved from http://www.popularmechanics.com/technology/aviation/news/2932316 World Digital Library. (2013, July 16). Telegram from Orville Wright in Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, to his father announcing four successful flights. Retrieved from http://www.wdl.org/en/item/11372/

Why did the First World War end when it did?

This was war on a scale that the world had never seen before, and Hough It would never see again. However, a question that Is often glossed over Is why the war ended on Armistice Day, at the eleventh hour. It is a combination of different events, all leading to the fact that Germany ran out of food, supplies, and manpower, and had to surrender. Furthermore, as America had entered the war the previous year, the Germans realized that they were going to lose, and that drawing it out would only Increase casualties and long-term effects. One of the reasons Germany was ‘bled white', to use their own term, was the successful British NavalBlockade, which caused mass starvation, and turned the country on itself with riots and the naval mutiny. The American president, Woodrow Wilson, had been campaigning for a ceasefire, which led to the US invasion of Germany, and when Kaiser Wilhelm abdicated on the 9th November, the war was all but over. To begin with, the main reason for the end of t he war was a simple lack of supplies on all sides, but Germany had especially been hit hard. Although both sides launched renewed offensives In early 1918 In a desperate attempt to win the war, both efforts failed.The fighting between exhausted, demoralized troops continued to approach a stalemate until the Germans lost a number of individual battles and very gradually began to be pushed back. A deadly outbreak of influenza, meanwhile, took heavy casualties on both sides. Eventually, the governments of both Germany and Austria-Hungary began to lose control as both countries experienced multiple mutinies from within their military structures, and due to mass starvation, many call riots were held In Berlin. The naval war Is generally considered a side show In worldWar l: in fact it was a critical part of the war, with especially the naval blockade of Germany being hugely important. If the Germans were to be stopped it would have to be done by the French Army, but what the British did have was the Royal Navy. The Government ordered the Royal Navy to immediately cut the flow of raw materials and foodstuffs to Germany, which would not affect the German offensive, but it was the launch of a war of attrition which would ultimately play a major role In the Allied victory. Another factor that contributed to the end of the war was the introduction ofAmerican troops into the fighting. On April 2, 1917, President Woodrow Wilson asked a special session of Congress to declare war on the German Empire, saying â€Å"We have war in a positive light, claiming it would â€Å"make the world safe for democracy† and that it would be a â€Å"war to end war†. On April 6, 1917, Congress declared war, and in the end it was Germany's use of U-boats that pushed America into a corner and ultimately to declare war: on February 4th, 191 5, Germany announced that merchant shipping in a specified zone around Britain would be legitimate targets.They added hat this would include neutral ships because many Allied ships had taken to flying the flag of a neutral nation to assist its safety. America's military build-up was (relatively) slow: General Perishing demanded a million men, to which the American Congress replied it could gather 420,000 by spring 1918. However, the anticipated influx of military supplies from America never materialized. For the most part the troops fought with equipment supplied by the Allies (including the recognizable helmet). American troops saw their first action in May 1918 in fighting alone at the Manner River.In June 1918, Perishing ordered an all-out attack in the Saint-Mile area of Eastern France. Casualties were high but the attack forced a German retreat that (combined with other Allied offensives along the Western Front) put the entire German army on the back foot. In early October, the Americans pushed through the Argonne Forest. The German High Command began to crack in the face of the persistent Allied onslaught. General Ultrasound was forced to resign and flee to Sweden, a feeling of mutiny spread among the Kaiser's naval units, and the Kaiser myself was forced to abdicate on November 9.On the other hand, the American assistance nearly came too late: as both sides desperately tried to gain the upper hand in 1918, Germany very nearly won an attack, as the American troops were delayed. Fortunately, Willow's men eventually arrived, and this attack can be regarded as the tipping point that signaled the final stages of the war. The war ended for a number of different reasons, all leading to the fact that there was no longer anything to fight with, or anyone to Join the German army.Many Americans live that America won the war, and the truth is much more subtle: it is true that the war would have lasted longer without the Allied support of Woodrow Wilson, but it was not a war of tactics, but of attrition. There is no denying that the First World War was a catastrophic failure of humanity, and the question s of motivation have been analyses endlessly. I believe that the reasons for the peace treaty are equally interesting, and as it shows that some good can come from four years of atrocities, it is clear why we remember all those who have died in war on the 1 lath of November. Word count: 1019 Ben Phillips

How to Find Your Career Type Based on Your Personality

How to Find Your Career Type Based on Your Personality Decades from now, when you’re sipping some bubbly at your retirement party, what do you want the theme of the day to be? â€Å"She didn’t hate her career all of the time†? â€Å"He broke the record for the number of career jumps in a 10-year period†? Of course not. You want that day to be a celebration of a career that was satisfying and fruitful for you. But in the meantime, how do you achieve that long-lasting career satisfaction? The folks at LifeHacker have a system for determining your career personality, or the type of job that fits your own skills, abilities, values, and preferences. This is important for a variety of reasons.This flowchart from  Truity helps you find your career personality type:  It’s your path forward.Basically, knowing your career personality can not only help you settle on a specific path, but it can also help you set goals. If you have trouble visualizing a five-year plan for yourself, it might very well be because you’re on a career path that makes you uncomfortable. If you majored in accounting in college because it seemed like the thing to do at the time, but now you want to scream after spending hours knee-deep in spreadsheets, well†¦maybe you and accounting aren’t a good match.Figuring out your career personality can help you avoid that spreadsheet rage by narrowing down what would interest and challenge you. Maybe you and your accounting degree would be better suited to a different kind of financial environment- or maybe you should be on cable news talking about the economy. There are ways to adapt skills and interests to different career paths, but you won’t know how to take advantage of that until you take the time to figure out what you can do, and where you should be doing it.Money shouldn’t be the only career consideration.Yes, of course you want the job that pays your bills and maybe even lets you save up for that dude ranch vacation you’ve b een eyeing on Groupon. But if that paycheck comes at the expense of a job that bores the heck out of you, or an intense office environment that leads to epic crying jags in the restroom, that doesn’t seem like a great career investment. Know yourself, know your limits, and know what will make you a satisfied employee.It’s never too late to make a change.Think about the choices you made when you were young. That haircut. The summer you spent as a boy band groupie. The first boyfriend/girlfriend, whose cringe-inducing Facebook posts always make you wonder, â€Å"What was I thinking?† It stands to reason that a career choice you may have made just out of high school or college wouldn’t line up with your life and interests as you get older.Gone are the days where you’d start entry-level with a company, then park there for 40 years. You’re not tied to a particular job, and you’re not even tied to a particular career. It’s totally le gitimate to re-evaluate who you are right now, and what you want out of your professional life. Figuring out your career personality is an excellent first step.You can always do some fine-tuning.If you take the time to map out your career personality, you might figure out you’re on the right general career path. If so, that’s fantastic! You chose well. Your next step should be taking that knowledge, and deciding whether you’re getting all you can out of your career. Perhaps your values and skills would be a better fit at a different company within your field. That’s the kind of self-knowledge that will come in handy if/when you decide to make a job change and start searching for your next step.It makes you a stronger employee.Much like you want to find a workplace that aligns with your own needs and personality, companies are seeking new hires who mesh well with their day-to-day operations. One of the main purposes of a job interview is talking with candi dates and evaluating how they’ll fit in with not only the job, but the company’s existing employees and culture. Knowing where you fit best will make it easier for you to demonstrate confidently how and why you’d be a great hire.So think about what you want, what makes you tick career-wise. You have plenty of time before that retirement party, so make the most of it!

Why We Shouldnt Advertise for Alcohol essays

Why We Shouldnt Advertise for Alcohol essays The topic I chose for my persuasive essay is: should we keep drinking commercials on TV? In my opinion we shouldnt. The companies that make and sell alcoholic beverages advertise their products on the TV and radio, in newspapers and magazines, and on billboards. These pictures show men and women having fun and relaxing with friends while drinking. These advertisements tell viewers that if they want to have fun and be seen as handsome or pretty, they should drink alcohol. The advertisers want to send the message that alcohol is more than just a drink; it is a reward that people give to themselves and friends. They should take the alcohol commercials off of TV, and out of magazines, etc. for a number of reasons. Most all kids watch TV. Not all channels now have alcohol commercials on them, but the ones that do, underage young women and men watch. So the names and looks are exposed to under the age of 21 young adults. So why do we need to keep alcohol commercials on TV, on the radio and in ads? We all know it exists, we know the names, so why do we continue to advertise them? They took away cigarette commercials and most statistics show that alcohol kills an equal numbers of deaths as cigarettes do. I went through some magazines and there were alcohol and cigarette ads in everyone except magazines containing the word teen or something that had to do with home and garden. The alcohol and cigarette ads were in car magazines, sport magazines, and just typical fashion magazines. Even if its not ads...its something about alcohol. Some teenagers have their celebrity idols, but some of them are big drinkers or even alcoholics themselves. And in the magazines they talk about how they are. The magazines dont say its bad, but they also dont say its good. Like Ben Affleck, and Matthew Perry, they both were alcoholics not too long ago. Drew Berrymore got addicted ...

Trust and Interpersonal Relationships Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Trust and Interpersonal Relationships - Essay Example appears to be an omnipresent definition of trust, which is associated with codes or beliefs and morals, so it appears to be a tenuous concept that we value but are unable to completely agree on. Rather than thinking of trust as a state, it is better to think of it as an interactive process (Six, 2007, p.285) wherein two people ‘trustor’ and ‘trustee’ mutually gain knowledge of â€Å"each other’s trustworthiness in different situations.† (Six, 2007, p.285) In other words, it is a ‘reciprocal process’ wherein both people are concerned in developing trust; as each person is concurrently ‘trustor’ and ‘trustee’, the actions of both need to guided by stability within the team. One way to guide stability within a team is to provide group guidelines or policies, which include clear and precise expectations of each group member, thereby creating a â€Å"stable normative frame.† (Six, 2007, p.292) In doing so, it is important to explain the team’s specific purpose or mission. This will help unite and solidify the team in a shared purpose, which in turn helps to develop trust. Six (2007) speaks of ‘trust enhancing organizational policies,’ wherein because each person’s ‘frame’ impacts on that of another in the team, each individual has an interest in the social context in which he operates. He suggests that three types of trust enhancing organizational policies can help to maintain trust among team members. The first is to formulate the ‘norms and values’ for team members to work within; the second is to provide ‘normative controls’ or ‘value-based controls,’ which promote required performance, actions and results. Team members are motivated by ‘internal commitment’ and ‘strong identification’ with common aims, and self satisfaction of their own work, which again helps to promote and maintain trust within the group; and the third concerns new team members. He believes that trust can be established between the new member

Global marketing and communication Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Global marketing and communication - Assignment Example So, it can be said that globalization complements the standardization of company’s products in various markets around the world, and as a result plays a major role in the influencing and changing the consumer behavior of the masses in various markets around the world. There are some widely popular examples that can be quoted to demonstrate the globalization strategy of companies when they focused on treating the world as a single entity. It has to be noted that different category of products like beverage drinks, electronic goods, music products, clothing accessories implement the strategy related to globalization. The popular sports brand Adidas implements the strategy of globalization for the purpose of communicating value to its customers around the world (Pride and Ferrell, 2010, p. 194). Another company that increasingly categorizes the world as a single entity for the purpose of marketing its standardized products is the globally reputed beverage brand Coke which caters to consumers around the globe, with its widely popular product range which are homogeneous in all markets around the world (Czinkota and Ronkainen, 2007, p. 313). Various companies that have the clothing based product offering like that of Levi Jeans etc, also focus on standardization of its products while offering it to consumers in various markets around the world. Localization Localization happens when companies of a particular country focus on the process of going for market development by entering in to new markets in the country (Hines, 2000, p. 27). Talking in these regards, it can be said that the companies while focusing on the designing of... As a matter of fact, it can be said that there is a great demand for various new as well as existing products and services in the marketplace. In an attempt to cater for this demand, various companies around the world are focusing on fulfilling this demand by entering into new markets or catering existing markets by offering new values based products and services. This paper discusses in details the multiple processes that companies implement for the process of value generation for a wide range of customers while maintaining their levels of profitability. Conclusion As of today’s date in an attempt to survive the cut throat competition in the marketplace, the companies around the world firmly believe, that the process of entering into new markets through the carefully designed strategic moves related to product development, market development, product penetration and diversification will help them achieve significant amount of business growth in the upcoming future. So, the companies are looking forward to implement the various methodologies like globalization, localization as well as glocalization. On a concluding note, it has to be stated that in this particular assignment, the global brand Apple is taken because of the brand’s significant amount of presence in various markets around the world. The other important factors behind the selection of this particular global brand are the process of high brand equity as well as high consumer demand around the world.